The aim of this book is to concisely present fundamental ideas, results, and techniques in linear algebra and mainly matrix theory. The book contains ten chapters covering various topics ranging from similarity and special types of matrices to Schur complements and matrix normality. Each chapter focuses on the results, techniques, and methods that are beautiful, interesting, and representative, followed by carefully selected problems. Major changes in this revised and expanded second edition: -Expansion of topics such as matrix functions, nonnegative matrices, and (unitarily invariant) matrix norms -The inclusion of more than 1000 exercises; -A new chapter, Chapter 4, with updated material on numerical ranges and radii, matrix norms, and special operations such as the Kronecker and Hadamard products and compound matrices -A new chapter, Chapter 10, on matrix inequalities, which presents a variety of inequalities on the eigenvalues and singular values of matrices and unitarily invariant norms. This book can be used as a textbook or a supplement for a linear algebra and matrix theory class or a seminar for senior undergraduate or graduate students. Prerequisites include a decent background in elementary linear algebra and calculus. The book can also serve as a reference for instructors and researchers in the fields of algebra, matrix analysis, operator theory, statistics, computer science, engineering, operations research, economics, and other fields.